TY - JOUR
T1 - Semi-quantitative design of black phosphorous field-effect transistor sensors for heavy metal ion detection in aqueous media
AU - Chang, Jingbo
AU - Pu, Haihui
AU - Wells, Spencer A.
AU - Shi, Keying
AU - Guo, Xiaoru
AU - Zhou, Guihua
AU - Sui, Xiaoyu
AU - Ren, Ren
AU - Mao, Shun
AU - Chen, Yantao
AU - Hersam, Mark C.
AU - Chen, Junhong
N1 - Funding Information:
J. H. C. acknowledges financial support for this work from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) through a Partnership for Innovation (PFI) grant (IIP-1434059). S. A. W. acknowledges support from the DoD, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship, 32 CFR 168a. M. C. H. acknowledges the NSF MRSEC (DMR-1121262) and ONR (N00014-14-1-0669). Both J. H. C. and M. C. H. acknowledge the partial support from the NSF through a Scalable Nano-manufacturing grant (CMMI-1727846). The sensor fabrication and some material characterization were performed in the NUANCE Center, which has received support from the NSF MRSEC (DMR-1121262), the State of Illinois, and Northwestern University. Material characterization was performed at the Bioscience Electron Microscope Facility, the HRTEM Laboratory within the Department of Physics, and the Advanced Analysis Facility at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The theoretical calculations were carried out at the high-performance computation center at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
PY - 2019/6
Y1 - 2019/6
N2 - Two-dimensional (2D) crystalline nanomaterial based field-effect transistor (FET) water sensors are attracting increased attention due to their low cost, portability, rapid response, and high sensitivity to aqueous contaminants. However, a generic model to aid in sensor design by describing direct interactions between metal ions and 2D nanomaterials is lacking. Here, we report a broadly applicable statistical thermodynamics model that describes the behavior of FET sensors (e.g., lower detection limit) by relying only on the ion concentration and intrinsic properties of the sensor material such as band gap and carrier effective mass. Two regimes of the sensing mechanism (charge transfer vs. electrostatic gating) were predicted, depending on the relative size of the Debye screening length in the sensor material and the distance between adsorbed ions. At a lower ion adsorption density, the charge transfer effect is dominant, while the evolution from charge transfer to electrostatic gating effect occurs at a higher adsorption density as the distance between adsorbed ions approaches the Debye length. Owing to its tunable band gap, black phosphorus (BP) nanosheet FET sensors were selected to semi-quantitatively validate the model including the predicted evolution between the two sensing regimes. Among Na+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ ions, BP nanosheet FET sensors were more responsive to Hg2+ ions for probe-free detection. The theoretical lower detection limit of Hg2+ ions can reach 0.1 nM (0.1 fM) in tap (deionized) water.
AB - Two-dimensional (2D) crystalline nanomaterial based field-effect transistor (FET) water sensors are attracting increased attention due to their low cost, portability, rapid response, and high sensitivity to aqueous contaminants. However, a generic model to aid in sensor design by describing direct interactions between metal ions and 2D nanomaterials is lacking. Here, we report a broadly applicable statistical thermodynamics model that describes the behavior of FET sensors (e.g., lower detection limit) by relying only on the ion concentration and intrinsic properties of the sensor material such as band gap and carrier effective mass. Two regimes of the sensing mechanism (charge transfer vs. electrostatic gating) were predicted, depending on the relative size of the Debye screening length in the sensor material and the distance between adsorbed ions. At a lower ion adsorption density, the charge transfer effect is dominant, while the evolution from charge transfer to electrostatic gating effect occurs at a higher adsorption density as the distance between adsorbed ions approaches the Debye length. Owing to its tunable band gap, black phosphorus (BP) nanosheet FET sensors were selected to semi-quantitatively validate the model including the predicted evolution between the two sensing regimes. Among Na+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ ions, BP nanosheet FET sensors were more responsive to Hg2+ ions for probe-free detection. The theoretical lower detection limit of Hg2+ ions can reach 0.1 nM (0.1 fM) in tap (deionized) water.
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U2 - 10.1039/c8me00056e
DO - 10.1039/c8me00056e
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85067113514
VL - 4
SP - 491
EP - 502
JO - Molecular Systems Design and Engineering
JF - Molecular Systems Design and Engineering
SN - 2058-9689
IS - 3
ER -