Abstract
Aims: The relationship between serum potassium concentration and outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is not well-established. The aim of this study was to explore the association between serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the PARAGON-HF trial in which 4822 patients with HFpEF were randomised to treatment with sacubitril/valsartan or valsartan. Methods and results: The relationship between serum potassium concentrations and the primary study composite outcome of total (first and recurrent) heart failure hospitalisations and cardiovascular death was analysed. Hypo-, normo-, and hyperkalaemia were defined as serum potassium <4 mmol/L, 4–5 mmol/L and >5 mmol/L, respectively. Both screening and time-updated potassium (categorical and continuous spline-transformed) were studied. Patient mean age was 73 years and 52% were women. Patients with higher baseline potassium more often had an ischaemic aetiology and diabetes and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment. Compared with normokalaemia, both time-updated (but not screening) hypo- and hyperkalaemia were associated with a higher risk of the primary outcome [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for hypokalaemia 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–1.85; P < 0.001, and for hyperkalaemia HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.02–1.44; P = 0.025]. Hypokalaemia had a stronger association with a higher risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death than hyperkalaemia. The association of hypokalaemia with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death was most marked in participants with impaired kidney function (interaction P < 0.05). Serum potassium did not significantly differ between sacubitril/valsartan and valsartan throughout the follow-up. Conclusions: Both hypo- and hyperkalaemia were associated with heart failure hospitalisation but only hypokalaemia was associated with mortality, especially in the context of renal impairment. Hypokalaemia was as strongly associated with death from non-cardiovascular causes as with cardiovascular death. Collectively, these findings suggest that potassium disturbances are a more of a marker of HFpEF severity rather than a direct cause of death.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 776-784 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | European Journal of Heart Failure |
| Volume | 23 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - May 2021 |
Funding
J.P.F. is funded by an ESC research grant for collaboration with the University of Glasgow. All other authors report no specific funding for this project. J.J.V.McM. and P.S.J. are supported by a British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Grant RE/18/6/34217. Conflict of interest: S.J.S. has received research grants from Actelion, AstraZeneca, Corvia, Novartis, and Pfizer; and has received consulting fees from Abbott, Actelion, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Axon Therapies, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cardiora, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Eisai, GSK, Ionis, Ironwood, Lilly, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, Shifamed, Tenax, and United Therapeutics. J.G.C. has received research grants from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmacosmos and Vifor and has received honoraria for advisory boards, lectures and or trial committees from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, HeartFelt Technologies, Idorsia, Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, Myokardia, Novartis, Pharmacosmos, Respicardia, Servier, Torrent, Vifor and Viscardia. B.L.C., A.S.D., M.A.P., I.S.A., D.J.V.V., L.K., J.G.F.C., B.P., J.L.R., M.P., M.R.Z., V.C.S., M.P.L., S.J.S., O.V., F.Z., and J.J.V.McM. are steering committee members of the PARAGON-HF trial. All other authors have nothing to disclose. J.P.F. is funded by an ESC research grant for collaboration with the University of Glasgow. All other authors report no specific funding for this project. J.J.V.McM. and P.S.J. are supported by a British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Grant RE/18/6/34217. : S.J.S. has received research grants from Actelion, AstraZeneca, Corvia, Novartis, and Pfizer; and has received consulting fees from Abbott, Actelion, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Axon Therapies, Bayer, Boehringer‐Ingelheim, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Cardiora, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Eisai, GSK, Ionis, Ironwood, Lilly, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, Shifamed, Tenax, and United Therapeutics. J.G.C. has received research grants from Bayer, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Pharmacosmos and Vifor and has received honoraria for advisory boards, lectures and or trial committees from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer‐Ingelheim, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, HeartFelt Technologies, Idorsia, Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, Myokardia, Novartis, Pharmacosmos, Respicardia, Servier, Torrent, Vifor and Viscardia. B.L.C., A.S.D., M.A.P., I.S.A., D.J.V.V., L.K., J.G.F.C., B.P., J.L.R., M.P., M.R.Z., V.C.S., M.P.L., S.J.S., O.V., F.Z., and J.J.V.McM. are steering committee members of the PARAGON‐HF trial. All other authors have nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest
Keywords
- Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- Outcomes
- Sacubitril/valsartan
- Serum potassium
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
