TY - JOUR
T1 - Sex-Based Difference in Bone Healing
T2 - A Review of Recent Pre-clinical Literature
AU - Kurapaty, Steven S.
AU - Hsu, Wellington K.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2022/12
Y1 - 2022/12
N2 - Purpose of Review: Recent literature has sought to understand differences in fusion failure, specifically considering how patient sex may play a role. Overall, there exists inconclusive data regarding any sex-based differences in bone healing. Recent Findings: In vitro studies examining the roles of sex hormones, 5-LO, IGF-1, VEGF, osteoclasts, and OPCs seem to show sexually dimorphic actions. Additionally, donor characteristics and stem cell environment seem to also determine osteogenic potential. Building on this biomolecular basis, in vivo work investigates the aforementioned elements. Broadly, males tend to have a more robust healing compared to females. Taking these findings together, differences in sex hormones levels, their timing and action, and composition of the inflammatory milieu underlie variations in bone healing by sex. Summary: Clinically, a robust understanding of bone healing mechanics can inform care of the transgender patient. Transgender patients undergoing hormone therapy present a clinically nuanced scenario for which limited long-term data exist. Such advances would help inform treatment for sports-related injury due to hormonal changes in biomechanics and treatment of transgender youth. While recent advances provide more clarity, conclusive answers remain elusive.
AB - Purpose of Review: Recent literature has sought to understand differences in fusion failure, specifically considering how patient sex may play a role. Overall, there exists inconclusive data regarding any sex-based differences in bone healing. Recent Findings: In vitro studies examining the roles of sex hormones, 5-LO, IGF-1, VEGF, osteoclasts, and OPCs seem to show sexually dimorphic actions. Additionally, donor characteristics and stem cell environment seem to also determine osteogenic potential. Building on this biomolecular basis, in vivo work investigates the aforementioned elements. Broadly, males tend to have a more robust healing compared to females. Taking these findings together, differences in sex hormones levels, their timing and action, and composition of the inflammatory milieu underlie variations in bone healing by sex. Summary: Clinically, a robust understanding of bone healing mechanics can inform care of the transgender patient. Transgender patients undergoing hormone therapy present a clinically nuanced scenario for which limited long-term data exist. Such advances would help inform treatment for sports-related injury due to hormonal changes in biomechanics and treatment of transgender youth. While recent advances provide more clarity, conclusive answers remain elusive.
KW - Animal model
KW - Bone healing
KW - Sexual dimorphism
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85142359505&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85142359505&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s12178-022-09803-1
DO - 10.1007/s12178-022-09803-1
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36378466
AN - SCOPUS:85142359505
SN - 1935-973X
VL - 15
SP - 651
EP - 658
JO - Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
JF - Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
IS - 6
ER -