Abstract
Sex-based differences exist in risk, symptoms, and management of heart failure (HF). Women have a higher incidence of HF with preserved ejection fraction compared with men. This may be partially caused by the cardiovascular effects of estrogen and sex-specific risk factors (eg, adverse pregnancy outcomes, premature menopause). Key gaps exist in understanding of gender-based differences in HF, which is a distinctly different concept than sex-based differences. Although evidence-based therapies for HF are available, only limited data address sex-specific efficacy, and no data address gender-based efficacy. Persistent shortcomings in representation of women and gender minority participants in clinical trials limit an actionable database. A comprehensive roadmap to close the sex/gender-based gap in HF includes the following: 1) sex/gender-specific personalized prevention; 2) sex/gender-neutral implementation of evidence-based therapies; and 3) sex/gender-appropriate policy-level initiatives to spur research assessing sex/gender-specific causes of HF; enhance sex/gender-specific subgroup reporting; and promote community engagement of these important patient cohorts.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1530-1541 |
| Number of pages | 12 |
| Journal | Journal of the American College of Cardiology |
| Volume | 79 |
| Issue number | 15 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Apr 19 2022 |
Funding
Dr Khan is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (P30AG059988; P30DK092939) and the American Heart Association (#19TPA34890060). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.
Keywords
- gender
- heart failure
- sex
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
