SmartNecklace: Designing a wearable multi-sensor system for smart eating detection

Characterizing eating behaviors to inform and prevent obesity requires nutritionists, behaviorists and interventionists to disrupt subjects' routine with questionnaires and unfamiliar eating environments. Such a disruption may be necessary as a means of self-reection, however, prevents researchers from capturing problematic eating behaviors in a free-living environment. An automated system alleviates many of these disruptions; however, success in automating sensing of eating habits has proven to be a challenge due to high within-subject variability in people's eating habits. Given a positive correlation between eating duration and caloric intake, along with the fact that many problematic eaters spend time alone, this paper presents a passive sensing system designed with the following three goals: Detecting eating episodes through data analytics of passive sensors, detecting time spent alone while eating, and designing a passive sensing system that people will adhere to wearing in the field, without disrupting regular activity or behavior. A real-time coarse multi-layered classification approach is proposed to detect challenging eating episodes with confounding factors using data from piezoelectric, audio, and inertial sensors. The system was tested on 7 participants with 14 eating episodes, resulting in an 80.8%, and 91.3% average F-measure for detection of eating and alone time, respectively. Additionally, results of a survey highlights the importance of user-customization to increase adherence to neck-worn sensors.