Abstract
We present optical and near-infrared (NIR) observations of the Type Icn supernova (SN Icn) 2022ann, the fifth member of its newly identified class of SNe. Its early optical spectra are dominated by narrow carbon and oxygen P-Cygni features with absorption velocities of ∼800 km s-1; slower than other SNe Icn and indicative of interaction with a dense, H/He-poor circumstellar medium (CSM) that is outflowing slower than typical Wolf-Rayet wind velocities of >1000 km s-1. We identify helium in NIR spectra 2 weeks after maximum and in optical spectra at 3 weeks, demonstrating that the CSM is not fully devoid of helium. Unlike other SNe Icn, the spectra of SN 2022ann never develop broad features from SN ejecta, including in the nebular phase. Compared to other SNe Icn, SN 2022ann has a low luminosity (o-band absolute magnitude of ∼-17.7), and evolves slowly. The bolometric light curve is well-modelled by 4.8 M⊙ of SN ejecta interacting with 1.3 M⊙ of CSM. We place an upper limit of 0.04 M⊙ of 56Ni synthesized in the explosion. The host galaxy is a dwarf galaxy with a stellar mass of 107.34 M⊙ (implied metallicity of log(Z/Z⊙) ≈ 0.10) and integrated star-formation rate of log (SFR) = -2.20 M⊙ yr-1; both lower than 97 per cent of galaxies observed to produce core-collapse supernovae, although consistent with star-forming galaxies on the galaxy Main Sequence. The low CSM velocity, nickel and ejecta masses, and likely low-metallicity environment disfavour a single Wolf-Rayet progenitor star. Instead, a binary companion is likely required to adequately strip the progenitor and produce a low-velocity outflow.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 2530-2550 |
Number of pages | 21 |
Journal | Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
Volume | 523 |
Issue number | 2 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Aug 1 2023 |
Funding
A major upgrade of the Kast spectrograph on the Shane 3 m telescope at the Lick Observatory was made possible through generous gifts from the Heising\u2013Simons Foundation as well as William and Marina Kast. Research at the Lick Observatory is partially supported by a generous gift from Google. The Legacy Surveys consist of three individual and complementary projects: the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS; Proposal ID 2014B-0404; PIs David Schlegel and Arjun Dey), the Beijing\u2013Arizona Sky Survey (BASS; Proposal ID 2015A-0801; PIs Zhou Xu and Xiaohui Fan), and the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS; Proposal 2016A-0453; PI Arjun Dey). DECaLS, BASS, and MzLS together include data obtained (respectively) at the Blanco telescope, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF\u2019s NOIRLab; the Bok telescope, Steward Observatory, the University of Arizona; and the Mayall telescope, Kitt Peak National Observatory, NOIRLab. Pipeline processing and analyses of data were supported by NOIRLab and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The Legacy Surveys project is honored to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du\u2019ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O\u2019odham Nation. NOIRLab is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. LBNL is managed by the Regents of the University of California under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy. The Young Supernova Experiment (YSE) and its research infrastructure is supported by the European Research Council under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC grant agreement number 101002652, PI K. Mandel), the Heising\u2013Simons Foundation (2018-0913, PI R. Foley; 2018\u20130911, PI R. Margutti), NASA (NNG17PX03C, PI R. Foley), NSF (AST-1720756, AST-1815935, PI R. Foley; AST-1909796, AST-1944985, PI R. Margutti), the David & Lucille Packard Foundation (PI R. Foley), VILLUM FONDEN (project 16599, PI J. Hjorth), and the Center for AstroPhysical Surveys (CAPS) at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. This work has made use of data from the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project. The Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project is primarily funded to search for near-Earth objects (NEOs) through NASA grant numbers NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575; byproducts of the NEO search include images and catalogs from the survey area. This work was partially funded by the Kepler/K2 grant J1944/80NSSC19K0112 and HST GO-15889, and STFC grants ST/T000198/1 and ST/S006109/1. The ATLAS science products have been made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawaii\u2019s Institute for Astronomy, the Queen\u2019s University Belfast, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the South African Astronomical Observatory, and the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS), Chile. A subset of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory. NASA Keck time is administered by the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory from telescope time allocated to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the agency\u2019s scientific partnership with the California Institute of Technology and the University of California. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. The UCSC team is supported in part by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) grant number 80NSSC20K0953, National Science Foundation (NSF) grant number AST-1815935, the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, and by a fellowship from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation to RJF. CRA was supported by a VILLUM FONDEN Young Investigator grant (project number 25501). The DARK team was supported in part by a VILLUM FONDEN Investigator grant (project number 16599). DAC acknowledges support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship under grant number DGE- 1339067. DOJ is supported by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant HF2-51462.001 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. PLK acknowledges support through NSF grant AST1908823. The Las Cumbres group is supported by AST-1911151 and AST-1911225. MRS is supported by the STScI Postdoctoral Fellowship. CRB acknowledges the financial support from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (316072/2021-4) and from Funda\u00E7\u00E3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (grants 201.456/2022 and 210.330/2022). Supportfor AVF's group at U.C.Berkeley is provided by the Christopher R. Redlich Fund and many individual donors. LG acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCIN), the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) 10.13039/501100011033, and the European Social Fund (ESF) 'Investing in your future' under the 2019 Ramon y Cajal program RYC2019-027683-I and the PID2020-115253GAI00 HOSTFLOWS project, from Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas (CSIC) under the PIE project 20215AT016, and the program Unidad de Excelencia Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu CEX2020-001058- M. FRH acknowledgesfunding from S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grants 2018/21661-9 and 2021/11345-5. CG is supported by a VILLUM FONDEN Young Investigator Grant (project number 25501). CL is supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship under grant number DGE-2233066. The UCSC team is supported in part by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) grant number 80NSSC20K0953, National Science Foundation (NSF) grant number AST-1815935, the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising\u2013Simons Foundation, and by a fellowship from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation to RJF. CRA was supported by a VILLUM FONDEN Young Investigator grant (project number 25501). The DARK team was supported in part by a VILLUM FONDEN Investigator grant (project number 16599). DAC acknowledges support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship under grant number DGE-1339067. DOJ is supported by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant HF2-51462.001 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5\u201326555. PLK acknowledges support through NSF grant AST-1908823. The Las Cumbres group is supported by AST\u20131911151 and AST\u20131911225. MRS is supported by the STScI Postdoctoral Fellowship. CRB acknowledges the financial support from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (316072/2021-4) and from Funda\u00E7\u00E3o de Amparo \u00E0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (grants 201.456/2022 and 210.330/2022). Support for AVF\u2019s group at U.C. Berkeley is provided by the Christopher R. Redlich Fund and many individual donors. LG acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n (MCIN), the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n (AEI) 10.13039/501100011033, and the European Social Fund (ESF) \u2018Investing in your future\u2019 under the 2019 Ram\u00F3n y Cajal program RYC2019-027683-I and the PID2020-115253GA-I00 HOSTFLOWS project, from Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas (CSIC) under the PIE project 20215AT016, and the program Unidad de Excelencia Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu CEX2020-001058-M. FRH acknowledges funding from S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grants 2018/21661-9 and 2021/11345-5. CG is supported by a VILLUM FONDEN Young Investigator Grant (project number 25501). CL is supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship under grant number DGE\u20132233066. Based in part on observations obtained at the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope [program 2021A-0242 (SOAR2022A-001); PI Dimitriadis], which is a joint project of the Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00E7\u00F5es (MCTI/LNA) do Brasil, the US NSF\u2019s NOIRLab, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), and the Michigan State University (MSU). Based in part on observations obtained at the international Gemini Observatory (program LP-204; PI Jacobson-Galan), a program of NSF\u2019s NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini Observatory partnership: the NSF (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), the Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00F3n y Desarrollo (Chile), the Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00EDa e Innovaci\u00F3n (Argentina), the Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00E7\u00F5es e Comunica\u00E7\u00F5es (Brazil), and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). This work makes use of data from the Las Cumbres Observatory network. This publication has made use of data collected at the Lulin Observatory, partly supported by MoST grant number 108-2112-M-008-001. The S-PLUS project, including the T80-South robotic telescope and the S-PLUS scientific survey, was founded as a partnership between the Funda\u00E7\u00E3o de Amparo \u00E0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00E3o Paulo (FAPESP), the Observat\u00F3rio Nacional (ON), the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), and the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), with important financial and practical contributions from other collaborating institutes in Brazil, Chile (Universidad de La Serena), and Spain (Centro de Estudios de F\u00EDsica del Cosmos de Arag\u00F3n, CEFCA). We further acknowledge financial support from the S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Carlos Chagas Filho Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ), and the Brazilian Innovation Agency (FINEP). This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. NSF, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico and the Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are the Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, the University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciencies de l\u2019Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Fisica d\u2019Altes Energies, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, NSF\u2019s NOIRLab, the University of Nottingham, the Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University.
Keywords
- binaries
- stars: massive
- transients: supernovae
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science