Sodium storage in hard carbon with curved graphene platelets as the basic structural units

Ke Wang, Yaobin Xu, Yuan Li, Vinayak Dravid, Jinsong Wu*, Ying Huang

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

132 Scopus citations

Abstract

Hard carbon is demonstrated as an anode material of high capacity and cycling stability in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, the structure uncertainty of hard carbon and lack of understanding about its sodium-storage mechanism have limited its further optimization. Here, we have studied the atomic structures of pristine and sodiated hard carbon by in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy and correlated the microstructures with their electrochemical properties. Unlike graphite with its almost flat graphene layers, the graphene layers in hard carbon are normally curved. Such curved graphene layers form a platelet as the basic structural unit and the platelets pack randomly to form a 3D porous structure. As the graphene layers are curved and misaligned, their interlayer distance is large and suitable for Na-ions intercalation. During in situ sodiation, an obvious volume expansion that resulted from Na intercalation is observed near the end of sodiation, implying that intercalation of Na into the curved graphene platelets (corresponding to the voltage plateau ∼0.15 V) occurs after Na absorption in the surface/defect absorption (corresponding to a voltage slope from ∼2 to 0.15 V). Our investigation will provide insights for designing and fabricating more effective hard carbon for next generation SIBs with high capacity and cyclability.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)3327-3335
Number of pages9
JournalJournal of Materials Chemistry A
Volume7
Issue number7
DOIs
StatePublished - 2019

Funding

Part of the work was performed in the Center for Materials Research and Analysis at Wuhan University of Technology. Portions of this work were performed in the NUANCE Center at Northwestern University, using the EPIC facility that receives support from the So and Hybrid Nanotechnology Experimental (SHyNE) Resource (NSF NNCI-1542205), the MRSEC program (NSF DMR-1720139) at the Materials Research Center, the International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), the Keck Foundation, and the State of Illinois, through the IIN. The research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51872236).

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Chemistry
  • Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
  • General Materials Science

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