Statistical parameterized physics-based machine learning digital shadow models for laser powder bed fusion process

This paper presents a statistical physics-based machine learning model for predicting defects, such as surface roughness and lack-of-fusion porosity, in the laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) additive manufacturing process. The statistical physics-based model is calibrated and validated against controlled single-track experiments and used for statistical prediction for multi-layer and multi-track cases for PBF-LB/M defects. A mechanistic reduced-order-based stochastic calibration process is introduced to capture the stochastic nature of the melt pool. The calibrated physics-based digital shadow model is demonstrated for predicting the surface roughness of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) overhang part X4, with a difference of 9.3% compared to the experimental results. By leveraging data obtained from both the physics-based model and experiments, a machine learning model has been trained for fast predictions (inference time of 0.4 ms) with high accuracy (error bound of 6.7%). This model can predict melt pool geometries under various processing conditions, offering a control strategy for the PBF-LB/M process. Further, the trained machine learning model is showcased to demonstrate a control application of melt pool geometries (width and depth) for specific processing parameters. These developed models (physics-based and machine learning) serve as a digital shadow of the PBF-LB/M process, offering predictive capabilities to build a digital twin model for process control, optimization, and online monitoring.