TY - JOUR
T1 - Synthesis of cationized nanofibrillated cellulose and its antimicrobial properties
AU - Littunen, Kuisma
AU - Snoei De Castro, João
AU - Samoylenko, Anatoliy
AU - Xu, Qi
AU - Quaggin, Susan
AU - Vainio, Seppo
AU - Seppälä, Jukka
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding for this research was provided by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes) under project “Tailoring of nanocellulose structures for industrial applications (NASEVA)”, and by the Graduate School for Biomass Refining (BIOREGS) from the Academy of Finland. The work was also supported by grants from the Academy of Finland ( 206038 , 121647 , 250900 , 251314 , and 260056 ), FiDiPro (SQ) ( 263246 ), the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation , the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program FP7/2009 under grant agreement 305608 (EURenOmics: European Consortium for High-Throughput Research in Rare Kidney Diseases LSHG-CT-2004-005085). The authors wish to thank Professor Katrina Nordström for providing the microbial strains, and Dr. Anna Elert for the preparation of CNFC. This work made use of the Aalto University Nanomicroscopy Center (Aalto-NMC) premises.
PY - 2016/2/1
Y1 - 2016/2/1
N2 - Two types of cationized nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were prepared by redox initiated graft copolymerization and etherification with quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). The QAC content and charge density of the products were measured. The NFC derivatives were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria, and yeast. Both NFC types exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Etherification resulted in a higher degree of substitution and charge density, and the product also showed higher antimicrobial activity than the copolymerization product. Etherified NFC was more efficient against Gram negative than positive bacteria, whereas the polymer grafted NFC was equally active against both. This was attributed to the ability of the polymeric grafts to penetrate the thick cell wall of Gram positive bacteria, followed by the destabilization of the cellular membrane. Neither cationized NFC type showed cytotoxicity against human cells, providing means to manufacture safe, insoluble, and permanently antimicrobial materials via aqueous synthesis.
AB - Two types of cationized nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were prepared by redox initiated graft copolymerization and etherification with quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). The QAC content and charge density of the products were measured. The NFC derivatives were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria, and yeast. Both NFC types exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Etherification resulted in a higher degree of substitution and charge density, and the product also showed higher antimicrobial activity than the copolymerization product. Etherified NFC was more efficient against Gram negative than positive bacteria, whereas the polymer grafted NFC was equally active against both. This was attributed to the ability of the polymeric grafts to penetrate the thick cell wall of Gram positive bacteria, followed by the destabilization of the cellular membrane. Neither cationized NFC type showed cytotoxicity against human cells, providing means to manufacture safe, insoluble, and permanently antimicrobial materials via aqueous synthesis.
KW - Antimicrobial materials
KW - Cytotoxicity
KW - Nanofibrillated cellulose
KW - Quaternary ammonium compounds
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U2 - 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.12.008
DO - 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.12.008
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84950257888
VL - 75
SP - 116
EP - 124
JO - European Polymer Journal
JF - European Polymer Journal
SN - 0014-3057
ER -