The azoospermic male: Contemporary evaluation and treatment

The finding of azoospermia is not a clinical "endpoint" for infertile males, but rather a branch point in the continuing clinical algorithm with a diverse set of potential treatment options. A thorough history and physical exam in conjunction with appropriate laboratory evaluation will supply the majority of clinical information necessary in making the diagnosis. Technological breakthroughs over the last 2 decades have radically changed the potential for men with azoospermia to father offspring. Microsurgical reconstructive techniques are a viable option for men with obstructive azoospermia. Finally, microsurgical sperm extraction procedures, in conjunction with IVF/ICSI, have enabled large numbers of azoospermic men to become biological fathers.