The General Movement Optimality Score-Revised (GMOS-R) with Socioeconomically Stratified Percentile Ranks

Christa Einspieler, Arend F. Bos*, Alicia J. Spittle, Natascia Bertoncelli, Marlette Burger, Colleen Peyton, Moreno Toldo, Fabiana Utsch, Dajie Zhang, Peter B. Marschik

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Background: The general movement optimality score (GMOS) quantifies the details of general movements (GMs). We recently conducted psychometric analyses of the GMOS and developed a revised scoresheet. Consequently, the GMOS-Revised (GMOS-R) instrument necessitated validation using new percentile ranks. This study aimed to provide these percentile ranks for the GMOS-R and to investigate whether sex, preterm birth, or the infant’s country of birth and residence affected the GMOS-R distribution. Methods: We applied the GMOS-R to an international sample of 1983 infants (32% female, 44% male, and 24% not disclosed), assessed in the extremely and very preterm period (10%), moderate (12%) and late (22%) preterm periods, at term (25%), and post-term age (31%). Data were grouped according to the World Bank’s classification into lower- and upper-middle-income countries (LMICs and UMICs; 26%) or high-income countries (HICs; 74%), respectively. Results: We found that sex and preterm or term birth did not affect either GM classification or the GMOS-R, but the country of residence did. A lower median GMOS-R for infants with normal or poor-repertoire GMs from LMICs and UMICs compared with HICs suggests the use of specific percentile ranks for LMICs and UMICs vs. HICs. Conclusion: For clinical and scientific use, we provide a freely available GMOS-R scoring sheet, with percentile ranks reflecting socioeconomic stratification.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number2260
JournalJournal of Clinical Medicine
Volume13
Issue number8
DOIs
StatePublished - Apr 2024

Funding

This research was funded by the Laerdal Foundation (C.E., D.Z., M.T., and P.B.M.). C.E., D.Z., and P.B.M. were supported by the Austrian Science Fund\u2014FWF (KLI811), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (GMApp development for data acquisition; OPP 1128871), the Leibniz Science Foundation and Rett Elternhilfe e.V. (Audacity Award; D.Z., P.B.M.), the BMBF (CP-diadem; C.E., P.B.M., D.Z.), the DFG (SFB1528\u2013C03; P.B.M.), and the Volkswagen-foundation (IDENTIFIED; P.B.M., D.Z.). A.F.B. received funding from the EU (Horizon 2020, EU project 848201) and the Foundation Friends of Beatrix Children\u2019s Hospital. C.P. received funding from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (KL2TR001424).

Keywords

  • World Bank data
  • general movements
  • optimality score
  • preterm
  • sex
  • term

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Medicine

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