TY - JOUR
T1 - The Impact of Ion Migration on the Electro-Optic Effect in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites
AU - Sun, Meng Jia
AU - Sabatini, Randy
AU - Wang, Pei Xi
AU - Najarian, Amin Morteza
AU - Bertens, Koen
AU - Johnston, Andrew
AU - Hoogland, Sjoerd
AU - Sargent, Edward H.
N1 - Funding Information:
M.-J.S. and R.S. contributed equally to this work. This work was financially supported by Huawei Technologies Canada Co., Ltd. and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC). Computations were performed on the Niagara supercomputer at the SciNet HPC Consortium. SciNet is funded by: the Canada Foundation for Innovation; the Government of Ontario; Ontario Research Fund-Research Excellence; and the University of Toronto.
Funding Information:
M.‐J.S. and R.S. contributed equally to this work. This work was financially supported by Huawei Technologies Canada Co., Ltd. and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC). Computations were performed on the Niagara supercomputer at the SciNet HPC Consortium. SciNet is funded by: the Canada Foundation for Innovation; the Government of Ontario; Ontario Research Fund‐Research Excellence; and the University of Toronto.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
PY - 2022/1/19
Y1 - 2022/1/19
N2 - Electro-optic (EO) modulation allows the conversion of electrical signals to optical pulses and is widely employed in telecommunications and chip-to-chip interconnects. Recently, hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have been explored as candidates for EO modulators. To improve the EO performance, it is envisioned that halide doping will lower the symmetry of the crystal, enhancing spontaneous polarization. However, mixed halide perovskites are often associated with ion migration, which may impact their EO properties. Thus, the influence of ion migration on the EO efficiency is investigated using Br-doped Dion–Jacobson quasi-2D HOIPs, (4AMP)(MA)Pb2(Brx/I1−x)7 (4AMP = 4-(aminomethyl)piperidinium, MA = methylammonium). While density functional theory predicts a greater spontaneous polarization for the Br-doped sample, it is found that experimental results are affected by ion migration. The EO coefficient of the Br/I mixed sample is 95 pm V−1 at 1 kHz (≈50× higher than the undoped sample), but the response falls off rapidly with frequency. This frequency dependence is correlated with impedance spectroscopy, showing that the large EO signal results from ion migration. This study shows that ion migration impacts the EO analysis of mixed halide perovskites and must be considered in future EO studies.
AB - Electro-optic (EO) modulation allows the conversion of electrical signals to optical pulses and is widely employed in telecommunications and chip-to-chip interconnects. Recently, hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have been explored as candidates for EO modulators. To improve the EO performance, it is envisioned that halide doping will lower the symmetry of the crystal, enhancing spontaneous polarization. However, mixed halide perovskites are often associated with ion migration, which may impact their EO properties. Thus, the influence of ion migration on the EO efficiency is investigated using Br-doped Dion–Jacobson quasi-2D HOIPs, (4AMP)(MA)Pb2(Brx/I1−x)7 (4AMP = 4-(aminomethyl)piperidinium, MA = methylammonium). While density functional theory predicts a greater spontaneous polarization for the Br-doped sample, it is found that experimental results are affected by ion migration. The EO coefficient of the Br/I mixed sample is 95 pm V−1 at 1 kHz (≈50× higher than the undoped sample), but the response falls off rapidly with frequency. This frequency dependence is correlated with impedance spectroscopy, showing that the large EO signal results from ion migration. This study shows that ion migration impacts the EO analysis of mixed halide perovskites and must be considered in future EO studies.
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U2 - 10.1002/adfm.202107939
DO - 10.1002/adfm.202107939
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85116578821
SN - 1616-301X
VL - 32
JO - Advanced Functional Materials
JF - Advanced Functional Materials
IS - 4
M1 - 2107939
ER -