@article{13c6462995064f8fa27ebe238480f77b,
title = "The role of bacterial skin infections in atopic dermatitis: expert statement and review from the International Eczema Council Skin Infection Group",
abstract = "Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have an increased risk of bacterial skin infections, which cause significant morbidity and, if untreated, may become systemic. Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the skin of most patients with AD and is the most common organism to cause infections. Overt bacterial infection is easily recognized by the appearance of weeping lesions, honey-coloured crusts and pustules. However, the wide variability in clinical presentation of bacterial infection in AD and the inherent features of AD – cutaneous erythema and warmth, oozing associated with oedema, and regional lymphadenopathy – overlap with those of infection, making clinical diagnosis challenging. Furthermore, some features may be masked because of anatomical site- and skin-type-specific features, and the high frequency of S. aureus colonization in AD makes positive skin swab culture of suspected infection unreliable as a diagnostic tool. The host mechanisms and microbial virulence factors that underlie S. aureus colonization and infection in AD are incompletely understood. The aim of this article is to present the latest evidence from animal and human studies, including recent microbiome research, to define the clinical features of bacterial infections in AD, and to summarize our current understanding of the host and bacterial factors that influence microbial colonization and virulence.",
author = "H. Alexander and Paller, {A. S.} and C. Traidl-Hoffmann and Beck, {L. A.} and {De Benedetto}, A. and S. Dhar and G. Girolomoni and Irvine, {A. D.} and P. Spuls and J. Su and Thyssen, {J. P.} and C. Vestergaard and T. Werfel and A. Wollenberg and M. Deleuran and C. Flohr",
note = "Funding Information: Conflicts of interest: A.S.P. is an investigator for AbbVie, AnaptysBio, Castle Creek, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, LEO, Novartis and Regeneron; and a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Asana, Castle Creek, Dermavant, Dermira, Galderma, Eli Lilly, Forte, LEO, Matrisys, Menlo, Morphosys/Galapagos, Novartis, Patagonia, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme and UCB. L.A.B. is an investigator for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Pfizer and Regeneron; and a consultant for AbbVie, Allakos, Arena Pharma, AstraZeneca, Connect Biopharma, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Novan, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi and UCB; and has stock in Pfizer and Medtronics. S.D. is a key opinion leader and member of the scientific advisory boards of Galderma India, Sun Pharma, ALKEM Pharma, Curatio Health Care, BIOCON Pharma and Sanofi India. G.G. has been principal investigator in clinical trials sponsored by and/or and has received personal fees from AbbVie, Abiogen, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, LEO Pharma, Menlo Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Samsung, Sandoz and Sanofi. A.D.I. is a coinvestigator of the U.K. National Institute for Health Research‐funded TREAT trial (ISRCTN15837754) and the U.K.–Irish Atopic Eczema Systemic Therapy Register (A‐STAR; ISRCTN11210918). He is a principal investigator in the European Union Horizon 2020‐funded BIOMAP Consortium ( http://www.biomap-imi.eu ). He has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Genentech, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme and Pfizer. P.S. has consulted in the past for Sanofi (11 October 2017) and AbbVie (4 December 2017) (unpaid) and is involved in performing clinical trials with many pharmaceutical companies that manufacture drugs used for the treatment of conditions including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, for which financial compensation is paid to the department. J.S. has been an investigator, consultant or advisor for AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Janssen/JNJ, Meda, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre and Sanofi. J.P.T. is an advisor for Sanofi‐Genzyme, Pfizer, AbbVie, LEO Pharma and Eli Lilly & Co; and an investigator for AbbVie, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly & Co and Sanofi‐Genzyme, presently for Sanofi‐Genzyme, LEO Pharma and Regeneron. C.V. is an investigator and lecturer for LEO Pharma, Sanofi‐Genzyme, AbbVie, Galapagos, Novartis and Pfizer. T.W., as principal investigator of the German TREAT registry on atopic dermatitis, has received honoraria for invited talks or scientific advice and research grants from AbbVie, Almirall, ALK Scherax, Astellas, Janssen/JNJ, LEO, Lilly, Meda, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron/Sanofi, Roche, Stallergen, Takeda and Ziarco. A.W. has been an investigator, advisor or lecturer for AbbVie, Almirall, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Galderma, LEO Pharma, MedImmune, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron and Sanofi‐Aventis. M.D. is a consultant, investigator, scientific advisory board member and/or lecturer for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, La Roche‐Posay, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi‐Genzyme, Almirall and Pierre Fabre. C.F. is chief investigator of the U.K. NIHR‐funded TREAT and SOFTER trials, and A‐STAR. He is also a principal investigator in the European Union Horizon 2020‐funded BIOMAP Consortium. His department has also received funding from Sanofi‐Genzyme for skin microbiome work. ",
year = "2020",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/bjd.18643",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "182",
pages = "1331--1342",
journal = "British Journal of Dermatology",
issn = "0007-0963",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "6",
}