TY - JOUR
T1 - Three-dimensional FDTD modeling of impulsive ELF propagation about the earth-sphere
AU - Simpson, Jamesina J.
AU - Taflove, Allen
N1 - Funding Information:
Manuscript received November 26, 2002; revised March 30, 2003. This work was supported by the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center under Grant ECS0200006P. The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA (e-mail: j-simpson@north-western.edu). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2004.823953
PY - 2004/2
Y1 - 2004/2
N2 - This paper reports the application of an efficient finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm to model impulsive extremely low frequency (ELF) propagation within the entire Earth-ionosphere cavity. Periodic boundary conditions are used in conjunction with a three-dimensional latitude-longitude FDTD space lattice which wraps around the complete Earth-sphere. Adaptive combination of adjacent grid cells in the east-west direction minimizes cell eccentricity upon approaching the poles and hence maintains Courant stability for relatively large time steps. This technique permits a direct, three-dimensional time-domain calculation of impulsive, round-the-world ELF propagation accounting for arbitrary horizontal as well as vertical geometrical and electrical inhomogeneities/anisotropies of the excitation, ionosphere, lithosphere, and oceans. The numerical model is verified by comparing its results for ELF propagation attenuation with corresponding data reported in the literature.
AB - This paper reports the application of an efficient finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm to model impulsive extremely low frequency (ELF) propagation within the entire Earth-ionosphere cavity. Periodic boundary conditions are used in conjunction with a three-dimensional latitude-longitude FDTD space lattice which wraps around the complete Earth-sphere. Adaptive combination of adjacent grid cells in the east-west direction minimizes cell eccentricity upon approaching the poles and hence maintains Courant stability for relatively large time steps. This technique permits a direct, three-dimensional time-domain calculation of impulsive, round-the-world ELF propagation accounting for arbitrary horizontal as well as vertical geometrical and electrical inhomogeneities/anisotropies of the excitation, ionosphere, lithosphere, and oceans. The numerical model is verified by comparing its results for ELF propagation attenuation with corresponding data reported in the literature.
KW - Earth
KW - Extremely low frequency (ELF)
KW - Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods
KW - Propagation
KW - Sphere
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U2 - 10.1109/TAP.2004.823953
DO - 10.1109/TAP.2004.823953
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:1942489003
SN - 0018-926X
VL - 52
SP - 443
EP - 451
JO - IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
JF - IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
IS - 2
ER -