Abstract
Objectives. To identify trajectory patterns of maternal depressive symptoms and perceived stress from midpregnancy to 2 years postpartum and determine relationships with selected sociodemographic factors including income, education, immigration, and postpartum employment. Methods. Pregnant women (n = 3307) recruited from the general population in 4 regions in Canada provided 6 waves of data from pregnancy to 2 years postpartum. The study was conducted from 2009 to 2015. Results. We determined 5 trajectory groups distinguished by time and magnitude for both depressive symptoms and perceived stress. Immigrants living in Canada for more than 5 up to 10 years, but not more recent arrivals, were at higher risk for persistent stress and depression independent of income status. Being employed at 1 year postpartum was associated with a lower likelihood of postpartum depression and perceived stress, while mothers reporting work exhaustion were substantially more likely to experience persistent depression and stress. Conclusions. The study highlighted the heterogeneous nature of depressive symptoms and perceived stress. Targeting interventions toward women 5 to 10 years after immigration and those experiencing exhaustion from postpartum work may be particularly beneficial.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | S197-S204 |
| Journal | American journal of public health |
| Volume | 109 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 2019 |
Funding
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Allergy, Genes, and Environment (AllerGen) Network of CentresofExcellence(NCE)providedcoresupportforthe Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD)Study.DataanalyseswerefundedbyanAllerGen NCE program grant 12GxE3. A. L. K. will serve as a guarantor for the contents of this article. We are grateful to all of the families who took part in this study, and the CHILD team, which includes interviewers, nurses, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, and receptionists. The CHILD Study investigators were P. Subbarao (director), The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; S. E. Turvey (co-director), The University of British Columbia; S. S. Anand, McMaster University; M. B. Azad, University of Manitoba; A. B. Becker, University of Manitoba; A. D. Befus, University of Alberta; M. Brauer, University of British Columbia; J. R. Brook, University of Toronto; E. Chen, Northwestern University, Chicago; M. M. Cyr, McMaster University; D. Daley, University of British Columbia; S. D. Dell, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; J. A. Denburg, McMaster University; Q. L. Duan, Queen’s University; T. Eiwegger, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; H. Grasemann, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; K. HayGlass, University of Manitoba; R. G. Hegele, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; D. L. Holness, University of Toronto; P. Hystad, Oregon State University; M. Kobor, University of British Columbia; T. R. Kollmann, University of British Columbia; A. L. Kozyrskyj, University of Alberta; C. Laprise, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi; W. Y. W. Lou, University of Toronto; J. Macri, McMaster University; P. J. Mandhane, University of Alberta; G. Miller, North-western University; T. J. Moraes, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; P. Paré, University of British Columbia; C. Ramsey, University of Manitoba; F. Ratjen, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; A. Sandford, University of British Columbia; J. Scott, University of Toronto; J. A. Scott, University of Toronto; M. R. Sears (founding director), McMaster University; F. Silverman, University of Toronto; E. Simons, University of Manitoba; T. Takaro, Simon Fraser University; S. J. Tebbutt, University of British Columbia; and T. To, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health