Abstract
Objective: As factors that alter the immune system have been implicated in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) etiology, it is of interest to explore the association between vaccination and risk of NHL. Results of few epidemiologic studies conducted thus far are inconsistent, and only one has examined the association by histologic subtype. Subjects: A population-based, case-control study of 387 patients with NHL and 535 controls conducted in Nebraska between 1999 and 2002. Methods: Information on vaccination for tetanus, polio, influenza, smallpox, and tuberculosis, as well as important environmental factors, was collected by telephone interview. Risk was estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for confounders. Results: We found that NHL risk was inversely associated with ever receiving a polio (OR = 0.59, CI = 0.40-0.87) or smallpox (OR = 0.71, CI = 0.51-0.98) vaccination, and positively associated with influenza vaccination (OR = 1.53, CI = 1.14-2.06). No significant association was found for tetanus or tuberculosis vaccination. The patterns of association were similar between men and women. Analysis by histologic subtypes showed that polio vaccination was associated with a lower risk of follicular (OR = 0.54, CI = 0.31-0.92) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphomas (OR = 0.29, CI = 0.12-0.69) and smallpox vaccination was associated with a lower risk of marginal zone lymphoma (OR = 0.41, CI = 0.19-0.88). In contrast, ever receiving an influenza vaccination was associated with a higher risk of follicular (OR = 1.98, CI = 1.23-3.18) and diffuse large B cell lymphomas (OR = 1.88, CI = 1.13-3.12). Conclusion: Risk of NHL is inversely associated with polio and smallpox vaccination and positively associated with influenza vaccination. These associations appear to differ by histologic subtype.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 517-523 |
Number of pages | 7 |
Journal | Cancer Causes and Control |
Volume | 20 |
Issue number | 5 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jul 2009 |
Funding
Acknowledgments This research was supported by research grant 99B083 from the American Institute for Cancer Research (BCC) and National Cancer Institute grant R25 CA100600 (HAL). Dr. Evens was supported in part by an NCI award (K23 CA109613). The authors would like to thank Mr. Martin Bast of the Nebraska Lymphoma Registry and Tissue Bank for coordinating the patient identification and physician consent.
Keywords
- Epidemiology
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Risk factors
- Vaccination
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Oncology
- Cancer Research