Valvular heart disease: Introduction, clinical pathogenesis, and management

Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a common cardiac condition with a big impact on healthcare economics. The incidence of VHD had been increasing over the past few decades, likely due to aging population [1]; improved mortality outcomes with increased survival in patients with conditions such as ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disease states, and oncologic patients; earlier diagnoses due to technologic advances in imaging tools; and iatrogenic valve disease such as prosthetic valve dysfunction [2]. It is important to have an in-depth understanding of the different types of VHD; the natural history; interplay between anatomic, genetic, and molecular mechanisms of specific VHD; impact of VHD on other organ systems; and advances in diagnostic and therapeutic options that will translate to improved patient outcomes [3].