Video-Rate Infrared Focal Plane Array Based on Solution-Processed Black Phosphorus Films

Simone Bianconi; Vinod K. Sangwan; Sonal V. Rangnekar; Jacob Rabinowitz; Chang Mo Kang; Linda M. Guiney; Mark C. Hersam; Hooman Mohseni

doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.4c02109

Video-Rate Infrared Focal Plane Array Based on Solution-Processed Black Phosphorus Films

Simone Bianconi, Vinod K. Sangwan, Sonal V. Rangnekar, Jacob Rabinowitz, Chang Mo Kang, Linda M. Guiney, Mark C. Hersam^*, Hooman Mohseni^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuits have enabled compact and inexpensive high-resolution cameras by efficiently reading the outputs from millions of pixels. For infrared cameras, however, the limited optical absorption of silicon requires the integration of an additional photosensitive material, which is patterned into a focal plane array of pixels and bonded with silicon integrated circuits, adding to the cost and complexity of the imagers. Here, we report an infrared focal plane array based on the direct transfer of a solution-processed black phosphorus film, with photosensitivity extending to mid-infrared wavelengths greater than 3 μm. This approach features a high fabrication yield (>90%) while avoiding expensive flip-chip bonding processes, paving the way for economical mid-infrared imagers. We characterized more than 70,000 functional pixels, which exhibit fast response times (<10 ms) and noise-equivalent irradiances below 10^-5 and 10^-4 W/cm² at 2 and 3.4 μm wavelengths, respectively.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	1507-1514
Number of pages	8
Journal	ACS Photonics
Volume	12
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.4c02109
State	Published - Mar 19 2025

Funding

This work was primarily supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) at Northwestern University under Award Number DMR-2308691. In addition, partial support for BP liquid-phase exfoliation was provided by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology (Award No. 70NANB19H005) as part of the Center for Hierarchical Materials Design (CHiMaD). This work also made use of the Keck-II and NUFAB facility of Northwestern University\u2019s NUANCE Center, which has received support from the SHyNE Resource (NSF ECCS-2025633), the IIN, and Northwestern\u2019s MRSEC program (NSF DMR-2308691). This work was funded by the NSF (MRSEC DMR-2308691) and NIST (CHiMaD 70NANB19H005). This work was funded by the NSF (MRSEC DMR-2308691) and NIST (CHiMaD 70NANB19H005). This work was primarily supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) at Northwestern University under Award Number DMR-2308691. In addition, partial support for BP liquid-phase exfoliation was provided by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology (Award No. 70NANB19H005) as part of the Center for Hierarchical Materials Design (CHiMaD). This work also made use of the Keck-II and NUFAB facility of Northwestern University\u2019s NUANCE Center, which has received support from the SHyNE Resource (NSF ECCS-2025633), the IIN, and Northwestern\u2019s MRSEC program (NSF DMR-2308691).

Keywords

black phosphorus
focal plane array
liquid phase exfoliation
mid-infrared photodetectors
nanoflakes
nanomaterial imager
thin film photodetectors

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Biotechnology
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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10.1021/acsphotonics.4c02109

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title = "Video-Rate Infrared Focal Plane Array Based on Solution-Processed Black Phosphorus Films",

abstract = "Silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuits have enabled compact and inexpensive high-resolution cameras by efficiently reading the outputs from millions of pixels. For infrared cameras, however, the limited optical absorption of silicon requires the integration of an additional photosensitive material, which is patterned into a focal plane array of pixels and bonded with silicon integrated circuits, adding to the cost and complexity of the imagers. Here, we report an infrared focal plane array based on the direct transfer of a solution-processed black phosphorus film, with photosensitivity extending to mid-infrared wavelengths greater than 3 μm. This approach features a high fabrication yield (>90%) while avoiding expensive flip-chip bonding processes, paving the way for economical mid-infrared imagers. We characterized more than 70,000 functional pixels, which exhibit fast response times (<10 ms) and noise-equivalent irradiances below 10-5 and 10-4 W/cm2 at 2 and 3.4 μm wavelengths, respectively.",

keywords = "black phosphorus, focal plane array, liquid phase exfoliation, mid-infrared photodetectors, nanoflakes, nanomaterial imager, thin film photodetectors",

author = "Simone Bianconi and Sangwan, {Vinod K.} and Rangnekar, {Sonal V.} and Jacob Rabinowitz and Kang, {Chang Mo} and Guiney, {Linda M.} and Hersam, {Mark C.} and Hooman Mohseni",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 American Chemical Society.",

year = "2025",

month = mar,

day = "19",

doi = "10.1021/acsphotonics.4c02109",

language = "English (US)",

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AU - Bianconi, Simone

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AU - Rabinowitz, Jacob

AU - Kang, Chang Mo

AU - Guiney, Linda M.

AU - Hersam, Mark C.

AU - Mohseni, Hooman

PY - 2025/3/19

Y1 - 2025/3/19

N2 - Silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuits have enabled compact and inexpensive high-resolution cameras by efficiently reading the outputs from millions of pixels. For infrared cameras, however, the limited optical absorption of silicon requires the integration of an additional photosensitive material, which is patterned into a focal plane array of pixels and bonded with silicon integrated circuits, adding to the cost and complexity of the imagers. Here, we report an infrared focal plane array based on the direct transfer of a solution-processed black phosphorus film, with photosensitivity extending to mid-infrared wavelengths greater than 3 μm. This approach features a high fabrication yield (>90%) while avoiding expensive flip-chip bonding processes, paving the way for economical mid-infrared imagers. We characterized more than 70,000 functional pixels, which exhibit fast response times (<10 ms) and noise-equivalent irradiances below 10-5 and 10-4 W/cm2 at 2 and 3.4 μm wavelengths, respectively.

AB - Silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuits have enabled compact and inexpensive high-resolution cameras by efficiently reading the outputs from millions of pixels. For infrared cameras, however, the limited optical absorption of silicon requires the integration of an additional photosensitive material, which is patterned into a focal plane array of pixels and bonded with silicon integrated circuits, adding to the cost and complexity of the imagers. Here, we report an infrared focal plane array based on the direct transfer of a solution-processed black phosphorus film, with photosensitivity extending to mid-infrared wavelengths greater than 3 μm. This approach features a high fabrication yield (>90%) while avoiding expensive flip-chip bonding processes, paving the way for economical mid-infrared imagers. We characterized more than 70,000 functional pixels, which exhibit fast response times (<10 ms) and noise-equivalent irradiances below 10-5 and 10-4 W/cm2 at 2 and 3.4 μm wavelengths, respectively.

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KW - liquid phase exfoliation

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KW - nanomaterial imager

KW - thin film photodetectors

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Video-Rate Infrared Focal Plane Array Based on Solution-Processed Black Phosphorus Films

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Keywords

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