@article{268828f7ec344a7e8330d24f90cc1195,
title = "X-ray scattering and spectroscopy studies on diesel soot from oxygenated fuel under various engine load conditions",
abstract = "Diesel soot from reference diesel fuel and oxygenated fuel under idle and load engine conditions was investigated with X-ray scattering and X-ray carbon K-edge absorption spectroscopy. Up to five characteristic size ranges were found. Idle soot was generally found to have larger primary particles and aggregates but smaller crystallites, than load soot. Load soot has a higher degree of crystallinity than idle soot. Adding oxygenates to diesel fuel enhanced differences in the characteristics of diesel soot, or even reversed them. Aromaticity of idle soot from oxygenated diesel fuel was significantly larger than from the corresponding load soot. Carbon near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy was applied to gather information about the presence of relative amounts of carbon double bonds (CC, CO) and carbon single bonds (C-H, C-OH, COOH). Using scanning X-ray transmission microspectroscopy (STXM), the relative amounts of these carbon bond states were shown to vary spatially over distances approximately 50 to 100 nm. The results from the X-ray techniques are supported by thermo-gravimetry analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.",
keywords = "Combustion, Doping, Functional groups, Soot, X-ray scattering",
author = "A. Braun and N. Shah and Huggins, {F. E.} and Kelly, {K. E.} and A. Sarofim and C. Jacobsen and S. Wirick and H. Francis and J. Ilavsky and Thomas, {G. E.} and Huffman, {G. P.}",
note = "Funding Information: Support for this research under the National Science Foundation CRAEMS grant CHE-0089133 is gratefully acknowledged. USAXS was performed at the UNICAT facility at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), which is supported by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Materials Research Laboratory (US DOE, the State of Illinois-IBHE-HECA, and the NSF), the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US DOE under contract with UT-Battelle LLC), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (US Department of Commerce) and UOP LLC. The APS is operated by the University of Chicago for US Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science under contract no. W-31-109-ENG-38.STXM data were taken at Beamline X1-A at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, developed by the group of Janos Kirz and Chris Jacobsen at SUNY Stony Brook, with support from the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, US DOE under contract DE-FG02-89ER60858, and the NSF under grant DBI-9605045. Zone plates were developed by Steve Spector and Chris Jacobsen of Stony Brook and Don Tennant of Lucent Technologies Bell Labs, with support from the NSF under grant ECS-9510499.",
year = "2005",
month = oct,
doi = "10.1016/j.carbon.2005.05.017",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "43",
pages = "2588--2599",
journal = "Carbon",
issn = "0008-6223",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
number = "12",
}