Younger Dryas and early Holocene climate in south Greenland inferred from oxygen isotopes of chironomids, aquatic Moss, and Moss cellulose

Ice core records have long indicated that the Younger Dryas began and ended with large, abrupt climate shifts over Greenland. Key climatic features remain unknown, including the magnitude of warming during the Younger Dryas-Holocene transition along with the seasonality and spatial variability of Younger Dryas climate changes across Greenland. Here, we use geochemical and paleoecological proxies from lake sediments at Lake N14 in south Greenland to address these outstanding questions. Radiocarbon dating and diatom assemblages confirm early deglaciation and isolation of Lake N14 before ∼13,600 cal yr BP, consistent with previous work. Oxygen isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O) of chironomid head capsules, bulk aquatic moss, and aquatic moss-derived cellulose are used to reconstruct oxygen isotopes of past lake water and annual precipitation. Oxygen isotope proxies indicate annual precipitation δ¹⁸O values increased by 5.9–7.7‰ at the end of the Younger Dryas. Following the Younger Dryas, moss and cellulose δ¹⁸O values show a clear decline in precipitation δ¹⁸O values of 2–3‰ from ∼11,540–11,340 cal yr BP that may correspond with the Preboreal Oscillation. Reconstructed precipitation δ¹⁸O values then gradually increased from 11,300–10,100 cal yr BP. All three aquatic organic materials register similar shifts in precipitation δ¹⁸O values over time, and they closely parallel the δ¹⁸O shifts observed in ice cores. This evidence strongly supports the utility of these methods for reconstructing lake water δ¹⁸O, and furthermore precipitation δ¹⁸O values where lake water reflects precipitation. The relatively large shift in isotopic composition of precipitation at Lake N14 suggests that shifts in temperature, precipitation seasonality, and/or moisture sources at the end of the Younger Dryas were even larger in south Greenland than they were in central Greenland, most likely because of the proximity to major changes in North Atlantic Ocean circulation. The annual air temperature change estimated at Lake N14 at the end of the Younger Dryas is also very large (∼18 ± 7 °C) compared to the summer warming previously inferred from chironomid species assemblages there (∼6 °C). This indicates that the strongest warming at the end of the Younger Dryas occurred in the winter season, consistent with past observations of intensified Younger Dryas seasonality at Lake N14 and elsewhere in Greenland.